Why I ve Been Selected - 911 Words

I’ve been participating in UCAN since last year and I’ve been able to observe several changes. I’ve been able to experience the improvements the program has had this year in comparison to last year. We decided to make some changes to the program and it has improved in many ways. We have more participants this year and that worked in our favor because the assigned presentations that we had mentioned in the syllabus worked out when it came to distributing it how we had it planned on the syllabus. Having additional mentors this quarter helped the program crucially because we were able to have different opinions on the way we ran the program. Having the rest of the mentor contribute to the presentations helped bring new idea to the table. Adding readings this year gave previous mentors an easier time explaining different situations that may arise when helping the mentee. As the quarter began we all gathered to put the syllabus together. We formatted it in a way that we pictured we wanted the program to run this year. Incorporating different ideas we decided to make this year’s layout different. We decided that this quarter instead of one person doing the meets we would pair the mentors with each other to come up with their own meet referencing to the meet we have presented to them through out the quarter. Changing the process of how meets will be introduced this year will allow every member to participate in giving a presentation to the mentees. This will give the mentees aShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Playtime On Kitmap Comment1404 Words   |  6 PagesIt seemed that i could apply right away, due to a date not given a time in the denial from the lack of playtime on kitmap comment, but have been active on HCF and yeah... here is my application. IGN (Include Previous Names Also): Leaving Leaving 30/11/2016 @ 21:42:31 Iimits 31/10/2016 @ 21:38:54 Leaving 27/09/2016 @ 19:52:43 greatcrafter32 ( This name was just for a laugh. ) 28/08/2016 @ 17:03:28 Leaving 28/07/2016 @ 22:02:05 BabyStormings 28/06/2016Read MoreWhy I Chose Google Inc.899 Words   |  4 PagesI. INTRODUCTION When searching for a potential employer, people search for many attributes that make up a company. For some that could mean the type of morals the company stands behind, the overall outlook of the company, or even their management style. The list is endless, but ultimately management style is the determining factor between taking interest and backing off of the company completely. If a management team of a company doesn t treat their employees with a certain amount of respect,Read MoreA Question of Dowry - Story1625 Words   |  7 PagesA QUESTION OF DOWRY 7) A story written in the early to mid-1960s; published in Twenty-two Malaysian Stories: An Anthology of Writing in English, selected and edited by Lloyd Fernando, Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Singapore, 1968, pp. 30-4. Corrections of some minor printing and other errors in the published version have been incorporated here. . Siew-Yue Killingley 1965; . Heinemann 1968, the author retaining the right to include the work in any collection exclusively of her own worksRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 Pagespeople believe that the act of euthanasia violates sanctity of life, others consider that one has the right to their life, and hence should be able to choose to be euthanized. Even before this research, I was interested in euthanasia area. 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A Summary Of The Clash Of Civilization - 1608 Words

19th century came to the end of the Cold War. History continuously updating itself, intellectual thinkers begin trying to hypothesis the future off conflicting regions and new world order. The current living and economic lifestyles of multiple civilizations created with are two of the greatest theories on the future of the world. First, Huntington P. Samuel writing the â€Å"Clash of Civilizations: And the Remaking of World Order, then Edward Said writing a scholarly essay on his theory known as Orientalism. These two theories both established in the same era refer to issues within economies like the Women in the Middle World. Clash of Civilization The Clash of Civilizations is a theory or hypothesis that came about after the Cold War. A†¦show more content†¦Edward Said noticed a geographical way of intellectual discourse corresponding to the legacy of colonialism. Said mentions during a YouTube video Edward Said: On Orientalism, The West perceives the East as foreigners, terrorists, threats, individuals who need stamped out and placed at a lesser value than that of Western culture.(ES: OO YouTube Video). Western civilizations began to stereotype against non-Western cultures such as the Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Africa, and other civilizations producing a â€Å"pre-conceived perception distorting the actual realities of these people almost labeling these groups of individuals others or outsiders, which is known as Orientalism theory. (ES: OO YouTube Video) Perceptions in the media start to conceive the minds of the individuals watching or listening. Western societies in Europe and America have news stations, movies and tv shows depicting Middle Eastern countries like Islam always at war, Muslims are terrorists, angry or some type of threat to society. African cultures looking at as slaves, and poor. African Americans as lazy and uneducated even Hispanics being label as illegals who work any job. None of which is the true identities of any group but show how deception, manipulation, and perception canShow MoreRelatedClash Of Civilizations Summary780 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by Samuel Huntington, called Clash of civilizations. The article Clash of Civilizations is Huntingtons take on how violence will be caused post Cold War. . He argues that the cause of violence after the Cold War will be due to differences within cultural and religious identities. However, this article was written in 1993, and surely times have changed from then . Theres been quite a few articles written critiquing Huntingtons, Clash of Civilization since it was written. Of those critiquesRead MoreThe Clash of Civilizations: a Summary of Samuel Huntington’s Controversial Political Analysis and Its Critics2367 Words   |  10 PagesPOLI 100 - F10N01 Gabrielle Bishop The Clash of Civilizations: A Summary of Samuel Huntington’s controversial Political Analysis and its Critics â€Å"Culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilizational identities, are shaping patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the post-Cold War World† - Samuel Huntington POLI 100 - F10N01! Gabrielle Bishop In a 1993 article published in Foreign Affairs, Harvard Professor of Government and Political Scientist SamuelRead MoreThe Clash of Civilizations: a Summary of Samuel Huntingtons Controversial Political Analysis and Its Critics2376 Words   |  10 PagesPOLI 100 - F10N01 Gabrielle Bishop The Clash of Civilizations: A Summary of Samuel Huntington’s controversial Political Analysis and its Critics â€Å"Culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilizational identities, are shaping patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the post-Cold War World† - Samuel Huntington POLI 100 - F10N01! Gabrielle Bishop In a 1993 article published in Foreign Affairs, Harvard Professor of Government and PoliticalRead MoreThe Cold War Was Easy : Capitalism Vs. Communism1402 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal Civilization.† Although he stated that, â€Å"you need to start with a certain kind of sensibility† he admitted, â€Å"I have no unifying theory of things† as well as, â€Å"I am not going to attempt to define this civilization.† Not accepting Naipaul’s theory that, â€Å"in general, the cultural coming together of humanity and the increasing acceptance of common values, beliefs, orientations, practices and institutions by peoples throughout the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  would create this â€Å"Universal Civilization,† Samuel PRead More Clash Of Civilizations Essay examples1587 Words   |  7 Pages The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order by Samuel P. Huntington is an extremely well written and insightful book. Samuel P. Huntington is the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard University, director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, the chairman of the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies, and the president of the American Political Science Association. During the Carter administration, Huntington was the director of securityRead MoreAnalysis Of Alfred Huntington s The Cold War 1808 Words   |  8 PagesHuntington Essay Summary Critique The Huntington Essay is a piece that was written in 1993, and was written to hypothesize a world order that was to come with the end of the Cold War. Before this time, many of the problems in society had to do with ideologies or political disputes, such as democracy against communism. In the Huntington Essay, the main point/argument that he is trying to portray is that the biggest differences between people in the world are no longer ideological, political, orRead MoreSeptember 11 Attacks and Nationalist Terrorist Groups Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pageswar as a clash between Islam and Western civilization. The al-Qaeda terrorist campaign against the United States has been classified as a war between the â€Å"ummah†Ã¢â‚¬â€Arabic for the â€Å"Muslim community†Ã¢â‚¬â€and the Christian and Jewish West. Bin Laden openly perpetuates conflict between Islam and the West. â€Å"This battle is not between al-Qaeda and the U.S.,† the al-Qaeda leader said in October 200 1, yet â€Å"this is a battle of Muslims against the global crusaders.† From Bin Laden’s perspective, this â€Å"clash of civilizations†Read MorePolitics, Religion, And The War Of Ideas951 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedom.† That is to say, that in the Quran, Muslims are encouraged to respect other religions, although the media shows a different story. In contrast, a contributor to the book Debating the War of Ideas Akbar Ahmed answers the question The Clash of Civilization? â€Å"When the conversation turned to further humiliations, notably Abu Ghraib, my companion drew a direct link between American policies and Muslim anger and despair in this part of the world.† Ahmed’s argues that there is a lack of respectRead MoreC112 Theorist Critique Assignment1913 Words   |  8 Pages Barnett The Pentagon’s New Map: It Explains why We’re Going to War and why We’ll Keep Going to War Friedman National Strategies and Capabilities for a Changing World: Globalization and National Security Huntington The Clash of Civilizations Kaplan The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation, Tribalism, and Disease are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of Our Planet Your paper must be typed and double-spaced; use Times New Roman 12-pitch font and one-inchRead MoreThe s Argument Of The International System Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesmany examples of the point being made puts it into perspective for the reader and helps them understand it, making them more likely to accept it as being true. Total Word Count (509) Analysis #2: Public Diplomacy and Soft Power – Joseph S. Nye Jr. Summary (184) There are three types of power, soft power, in which a state gets others to want what they want, it is an attractive power. Soft power comes from a state’s culture, political values, and foreign policy (Nye, 96). Hard power is coercive power

Christianity, Islam, and Judaism Free Essays

Although Christianity, Islam and Judaism are all religions that grew from the same central idea of one divine god named Abraham in the general time zone of 2500 BC, and in the holy city of Jerusalem, they are all very different from each other. Christianity, Islam and Judaism are all similar religions in some ways but are also very different from each other in other ways. The religions of Christianity, Islam and Judaism are all similar because of a few very distinct reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Christianity, Islam, and Judaism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The biggest reason that these religions are similar is because they all believe in one god called Abraham.Abraham is considered the founder or forefather of all three religions. All three religions also have a holy book which is another big similarity. Although each book does not contain the same teachings they are all sacred to each religion. Another similarity they share is that Jerusalem is the holy city. Jerusalem is the center of all of these religions and each play a very important role in how these religions are different. Christianity is different from Islam and Judaism in many ways, one being the holy book that Christians believe in.It is called the bible and it contains two testaments called the New Testament and the Old Testament. The beliefs for Christians are also very different because they believe that god has three parts, God the father, God the son, and the Holy Spirit. They also believe that Jesus is divine, a part of god and that he died on the cross. Another key believe was that you obtain salvation by following Jesus’ teachings. Christianity is also the only religion without a sacred language. The rituals for Christians contain an ordinary ministry and have priests and rituals of the faith.There holy building is called a church, and Christians worship in it every Sunday experiencing sacraments, reciting there creed, praying and reading from the bible. They also have seven sects which are all different from Judaism and Hinduism. Islam is different from Christianity and Judaism because of many different key beliefs. Islam’s believe in the five pillars and that Muhammad is a prophet are a couple of the most important differences. There holy book is called Quran and contains the revelations that god made to Muhammad.They believe that through god Mecca was the holy city and the center of Islam. The five pillars are very different from any other religion because all Muslims must know them and they are the key to Islam. They are Shahada, Salat, Zakat. Siyam, and the Hajj. The Hajj is a key step in the five pillars and it tells that a Muslim must travel to Mecca to participate in a series of rituals if money and heath is stable. Islam’s holy building is called a mosque. They also have two major sects called sunni and shii.Judaism is different from Islam and Christianity in surprisingly different ways considering that this was the starting religion and all other religions branched off from here. Jews believe that the Torah is the most important part of the holy book, which is called Tenakh and is written in Hebrew. The holy book has three distinct parts called Neviim, Ketuvim, and torah. They believe that about 3,000 years ago, God gave the torah to Moses, Judaism’s most important prophet. Judaism’s rituals involve breaking of Shabbat bread, and sharing wine.They worship on Friday evening and Saturday morning. They come together at a Holy building called a synagogue to pray. Jews are orthodox, conservative and reformed. As you can see although Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are all similar religions in some ways they are also very different from each other in different ways to. All these religions believe in different practices rituals and beliefs but also share some of the same exact ones to. Without religion people would have no path to lead their lives and life would be very different for some areas around the world. How to cite Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, Papers

Reflection of Mary Rowlandsons Captivity free essay sample

It was difficult for me reading the story that was told about Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity. I have read so many stories about all of the awful things that have been done to the Indians; it surprised me I guess to here the reverse and all the cruelty that was taking place. I am sorry it is three pages also, I could have written so much more. The details of the morning invasion on Mary’s home and with forty-two people inside, the Indians set her home on fire, and shot at them when they tried to exit the home.It was so descriptive, and that Mary herself wrote the events made it feel that much more real to me. The bravery Mary show’s trying to unlatch the heavy door to leave the home while being shot at, and the attempt to get the six dogs to wake, that were supposed to protect them were useless. Pg2 (â€Å"None of them would stir,† said Mary, â€Å"though another time, if any Indian had come to the door, they were ready to fly upon him and tear him down. †) I liked how this was put, and told, and how it states that it was significant because the Puritans should rely on God alone not on dogs.Mary bravely; was the first to get the door open and the first to get out the door of the home, while being shot at carrying her youngest child, Sarah. Following close behind were men, who were being butchered as they ran out, either by gun shots, or slathered by hatchets. She was surrounded by the bodies of neighbors and relatives. I was taken back, at the picture in my mind while reading, how she could have watched her three children get taken prisoner from her and sent off in all directions and everyone she loved die around her. Yet she still continued to fight to stay alive. How many people would do that?Mary was married to Joseph Rowlandson and they married in 1656, and had four children together, the first died in infancy, then Joseph, Mary, and Sarah. I thought it was interesting how the children were named after both the mother and the father. In some cultures it is forbidden to use the same exact name as a person who is still living, in fear that God, may take the wrong person by accident. The book said that this was however; was a common practice looking at their genealogical imprints of the Massachusetts frontier. All of those names were very common and no doubt taken from the bible.Mary’s husband Joseph Rowlandson had assumed his wife and family had been killed, as any man would have thought arriving at his home and village that had been burned and with many bodies surrounding him. The Indians told her that they would kill her husband, children and even her at any moment. They were starving her, and her daughter Sarah not allowing them to eat, and they became very weak. After three days of travel and misery, she was sold to Quinnapin, a Narragansett chief, who had three wives. She was handed to Weetamoo who was the newest of the wives.They allowed for Mary to continue caring for Sarah, who was dying from her gunshot wounds and died from a fever and starvation within a few hours. I can only imagine how hard it must have been for her, watching everyone she loved, removed, die or beaten unmercifully. How she herself, didn’t decide to take her own life after having her spirit broken, and profound grief that was crushing her under such cruelty was remarkable. It was a true test of herself and her faith in God. She was told on a regular basis she was nothing and that if she didn’t do what she was told she would be killed.She watched many more cruel deaths, during her captivity. She also learned how to keep herself a valuable asset so that she would not be killed. She was smart and educated to an extent. She knew when to speak and when not to. When and how to be strong, she learned what was needed to survive; and to an extent how to manipulate to gain others trust in her. She was truly inspiring. Mary started sewing and knitting clothes and traded them to the Indians for pieces of food, or other items, trying to keep off starvation. When she first arrived she would go to other Indians huts begging for food.At one point she went without something to eat for three weeks, and the fourth week only eating scrapes she could scrounge out of the trash. It amazed me that they would take her as a slave, make her work for them, and yet not feed her anything. Weetamoo could have cared less if Mary died. She needed to have smarts and skill to live, or she was going to die. Mary watched many; die of weakness and starvation because they didn’t have enough food to maintain themselves. Mary was becoming hardened and her hatred grew for the Indians.She stated that only a few were compassionate in any way, but she was a survivor, she learned how to trade the things she made, she gathered food from the woods. And if given any item of value or importance, she would give it to Quinnapin to gain his trust in her, and show him her value to them. Mary then went to Quinnapin to beg him to send her back to her husband, and that he would pay whatever ransom the English would pay. Soon word came from two Christian Indians that Mary knew, Tom Dublet and Peter Conway, who brought a letter, to arrange for a ransom.Mary requested twenty pounds as her ransom. Unknown to her husband Joseph, who thought Mary, was dead, and Mary, the governor and Council were the ones who negotiated for her release; prominent men in Boston had joined the selectman and had raised the funds for her ransom. Later Mary and her husband moved to Wethersfield, Connecticut. I found this story to be a true test of faith, willpower, and determination to survive a horrible suffering brought upon her. Her true faith in God is what helped bring her through this.

William Blake As A Critic Of His Time Essays -

William Blake As A Critic Of His Time William Blake As A Critic Of His Time Blake took an active role in exposing the corruption taking place in his society. Prime targets of his criticisms were the institutions that remained silent in the faces of injustice. Blake stands agains the institutions that allow human oppression. Three of his poems from Songs of Experience present his views on the matter: The Chimney Sweeper, The Garden of Love, and London. In The Chimney Sweeper, Blake takes his stand against the the calamities brought upon children by those supposed to protect him. Innocence comes to an end for the child when he is exposed to the horrors of sweeping chimneys . His sadness can be felt when he says : They clothed me in the clothes of death/and taught me to sing the notes of woe (Blake, 6-7). The child is telling society that his pain is being caused by those in whom he put his trust? his parents. Even more disconcerting is to know that his parents do nothing to stop his horrors. They abandon him and go ...to praise God & his Priest & King (Blake, 11). Perhaps they do this , because on the outside their child looks happy and they probably think that they are helping him more than anything: ? And because I am happy, & dance& sing,/ They think they have done me no injury, (Blake, 9-10) . In the meantime, the church is also playing a part in his misery. How? Because it allows the parents to come inside its building to pray when they should be protecting their child from all harm: ?They are both gone up to the church to pray' (Blake, 4). .....a heaven of our misery (Blake, 12) finally emphasizes to the reader once more those who are responsible for the child's pain and sorrows . He hopes that, somehow, people would take action and do away with the calamity of child labor. In another one of his poems, The Garden of Love, Blake portrays religion as the oppressor of human kind. Man wants to be close to God : I went to the Garden of Love (Blake, 1) as he used to be when little: Where I used to play in the green (Blake, 4) but, finds the church standing in his way: A Chapel was built in the midst (Blake, 3). Blake sees the church as an obstacle between men and God: And the gates of this Chapel were shut/ And Thou shalt not writ over the door (Blake, 5-6). Blake gives emphasis to the word Thou shalt not to indicate once more how oppressive the church is. He attacks the Priests because, instead of offering God's comfort as they were meant to do, they become like judges or police officers telling men what they can or cannot do:: And Priests in black gowns were walking their rounds/ And binding with briars my joys and desires (Blake, 11- 12). Blake asks society to take a second look at the way the church treats them and to realize that God cannot found among o ppressionists. London is yet another one of Blake's poems used to expose the suffering of men. He speaks of the streets and the river as being bound to give a sense of men's predicament: I wander thro' each charter'd street/Near where the charter'd Thames does flow (Blake, 1-2) . More sense of human slavery is given when he reveals that the minds of men are trapped as they wander suffering through the streets by society-imposed chains:...mind-forg'd manacles I hear (Blake, 8). The pain is obvious to Blake and he wants society to take notice of it: .....in every face I meet/mark of weakness, marks of woe [I see] (Blake, 4) Church again is brought into the picture with its qualities of indifference: ....the Chimney-sweeper's cry/ Every blackning Church appalls (Blake ,9-10). Because of prostitution, the blessings of marriage has turned into death and decay, giving yet more sense of despair: .....the youthful Harlot's curse/...plagues the Marriage hearse (Blake, 14). Blake is telling the people t o wake up, look around them and take action against this kind of slavery. In conclusion, it can be easily

Domestic Violence Case Study Analysis Social Work Essays

Domestic Violence Case Study Analysis Social Work Essays Domestic Violence Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay Domestic Violence Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay Mrs. Chan lives with her hubby and two kids. The boy and the girl are aged 11 and 8 severally. The twosome has been married for 20 old ages. Mr. Chan runs a food market shop, and is the breadwinner of the whole household. Mrs. Chan is a homemaker and responsible for taking attention of the two kids and housekeeping. Both are in their fortiess Summary of the information gathered Showing job and the purpose of appraisal Mrs. Chan came to sought aid because of the disaffection relationship between her hubby and boy. Furthermore, the domestic violent besides be another issue because Mr. Chan abused the client often. The societal worker carried out two interviews to garner specific information about the household. The purpose was to recognize the state of affairs and raise an intercession program to ease positive relationships of all household members. Problem appraisal Clients perceptual experience of the jobs During the several contacts with Mrs. Chan, she conveyed her position on the issues which exists in their household. The client expressed that she has two major concerns. One is she felt helpless when confronting the domestic force. The other is that she worried about her boy would be negative influenced by her male parent and be hurt during household force. She told the worker that she had been abused by her hubby for several months get downing from last twelvemonth and tolerated the unfairness mistreatment for a long clip. Sometimes, he even did the violent behaviour in forepart of their kids. And her hubby of all time threatened her with a knife. Mrs. Chan admitted that she felt feared. For her kids, she decides to go forth their household temporarily. The client mentioned that the mutual conversation between her hubby and boy is rarely. Even when they stay together there is rare communicating. She did non cognize how to better their relationship and was dying to seek solutions to rectify this state of affairs. She said to worker she has of all time hear her boy mutter that he has hidden some arms and may utilize them to assail his male parent. Besides, her boy s public presentation in school is non every bit good as earlier. Therefore, she was solicitous about the struggle between two of them will more and more declining which will convey approximately more negative consequence on her boy. Worker s perceptual experience of the jobs During the interviews with Mrs. Chan, the worker observed that the household operation is imbalanced because of domestic force. Domestic force Family system theory focal point on the interaction forms within a household. It stressed that in each household, there exists a regulation to restrict each household members behaviour. And the boundaries and communicating forms of each member s are defined. ( McCue, 1995 ) . By following the theory, the worker found that Mr. Chan seems to see himself as the dominant function and authorization in their household, one time some household members do non obey his regulations they will accomplish penalty. And Mr. Chan use force as a mean to reconstruct Mrs. Chan s place within the household. father-son relationship The worker found that the anomic relationship between the male parent and boy chiefly consequence from domestic force. In this instance, the male child s male parent is the commiting party and his female parent is a victim. The male child presented bitterness and fright to his male parent, what his behaviour, such as indifference and disaffection stand for his emotion. 3 ) Family communicating As a consequence of domestic force, the spousal relationship and parent-children relationship were both damaged. The mere household communicating lead to household system lacks basic apprehension and support. During the interview, the worker found that the deformed communicating form and alienated relationships between household members are consequences of domestic force. To Mrs. Chan s boy, his academic public presentation and mental wellness were both negative influenced by domestic force. Agreed position of the client and the worker Mrs. Chan and the worker agreed that the first thing is to vouch the safety of her and her two kids. Staying in inn can supply an chance to her composures down and do a determination whether leave or non. Based on the premiss, a sound household relationship and a harmonious ambiance would be constructed in the long tally. Precedences of jobs domestic force and spousal relationship relationship between Mr. Chan and his boy household communicating and relationship among all household members Intervention stage Aims Short -term: To relieve the domestic force in Mrs. Chan s household and better the relationship between the twosome. To better the relationship between Mr. Chan and his boy Long-run: 1. To ease positive interaction form and create harmonious household atmosphere. Schemes and principles shelter plan Shelters have been bit by bit became a critical schemes for adult females and kids who are fixing to get away force. The shelter plan can assist abused adult females cover with current crisis and fix to command their lives. ( McCue, 1995 ) . At present, the foremost concern is the safety of Mrs. Chan and her kids. Through shelter plan, Mrs. Chan can quiet down to see the agreements afterwards and do a rational determination for their hereafter lives. Cognitive-behavioral attack The worker believes that a cognitive-behavioral attack for Mr. Chan would be effectual to work out the whole household job. The cognitive -behavior theoretical account stated that behaviour is influenced by knowledge: behaviour will be modified by knowledge. ( Bonnet A ; Williams, 2001 ) . By cognitive-behavioral attack, Mr. Chan can indentify the state of affairs which trigger his choler and larn how to command aggressive emotion with adaptative behaviour. Common communicating workshop Family members use verbal and gestural channels to convey messages. And the interaction and communicating forms play an of import function in household relationship. ( Hepworth, R. Rooney, G. Rooney, Strom-Gottfried, A ; Larsen, 2010 ) . For the intent of bettering the household relationship and bettering the communicating form, some relevant activities would be arranged for them. The workshop includes forming some domestic activities to relieve the misinterpretations and ease mutual communicating among household members. By this method, the household relationship will be more stable and harmonious. Parental accomplishments developing Marital struggle ever related with ineffectualness parenting, and kids who suffer parental strife and detached parenting are prone to stand for internalising behaviours include anxiousness, depression and projecting behavior include aggressive and noncompliance. ( Papalia, Olds, A ; Feldman, 2009 ) . Through the preparation, the parental form of the twosome can be improved, and their boy s emotional and mental issues can be alleviated and be more preoccupation with schooling. Regular meeting with kids Since the domestic force impose a negative influence on the male child, a regular meeting with the kid is mandatory. By the regularly meeting, workers can give out specific and pertinent suggestions and undertakings to assist the kid reconstruct his assurance and outlook to the household, community every bit good as the society.

Parking Problem At Florida State University Essay

Parking Problem At Florida State University - Essay Example By Improving the potential circulation and movement of these pathways and also eliminating various pathways which make the procedure cumbersome for pedestrians, will certainly improve the overall process. It is also evident that landscaping, protected walkways, and pathways and also adequate lighting facilities will help in enhancing the overall pedestrian experience and will improve the parking facilities. Students having bicycles or motorbikes will also be facilitated if the bicycle paths are made. An important thing to note, however, is that a bike path may not be highly convenient or effective if it is inconsistent with its procedures. According to Lyons, a bike pathway which can only create lanes of roadways which can merely switch to a sidewalk will merely create problems for potential riders and will also create conflicts and other problems for the pedestrians. By evaluating and analyzing these highly important procedures, Florida University would certainly have a concrete vie w of where we can focus on our efforts as well as all our technical resources. But, the higher authorities of this institute could be blamed for the occurrence or potential occurrence of such administrative shortages. The core requirement in this regard is the creation of a mutual alliance between teachers, students, school administrative authorities and all other stakeholders involved. The higher authorities in the university have to understand how essential a spacious parking space would be for students and other school staff.

Community Corrections and Re-entry Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Corrections and Re-entry - Article Example The article identifies the two crucial labels of community corrections as parole and probation.  As one reads through the article, he,  or she gets to know that parole originated in Europe while probation originated in America in the mid-19th century.  However, these community-based sanctions became assimilated in the U.S. criminal justice system, in the  early  20th century, thanks to the medical model in correctional discourse. Despite all the criticisms, parole and  probation  became rooted in the  country’s correctional system, and by the end of the 20th century, their  growth  was  immeasurable. The failure of the rehabilitation  concept  did not go unnoticed because it  was followed  by the introduction of the new  penal  policy. This  penal  policy contributed to  low  performance  of community corrections  thus, an increase in prison capacity ant the need to reinvent community corrections. Finally, the authors of the articl e took a look at the future of community corrections and the prison  influence  with regards to serving all aspects of community needs and their relationship with  prison  institutions. Questions 1. What is the relationship between prisons and community corrections and how does this relationship influence community corrections? 2. ... However, no  recognizable  attempts  are being made  to reduce prison populations; or rather decarceration is still virgin territory. This article focuses on ways in which prison population in California can be reduced. As such, it concentrates on research on the causes of increased imprisonment during the last 30 years, and recent discussions of and efforts to reduce  imprisonment  in other states. There was a time when California’s prison population reduced. This was in the last two years of  governor  Reagan’s first  term, and the first two years of his second term(1968-1972). During this time, the rate of  imprisonment  in the rest the U.S. increased while that of California dropped. The authors of the  article  came up with  contemporary  explanations of the  imprisonment  reduction which included; the Reagan factor, and  multiple  factors (probation subsidies and changes in parole procedures). To explain the causes of the Reag an-Era Reduction in Imprisonment, they insisted on a drop in crime rates, a  reduction  in arrests, sending offenders to jail and not  prison, fewer admissions to prison, more releases from prison, and fewer parole suspensions. With the increasing population in prisons, the authors delve on the possibility that California can reduce its prison population  again. They  come  up with some of the reasons that make it  hard  for decarceration and they include; impediments to reform, the disappearing public  purse, the reduction in state-level authority, the perils of high visibility, the vanishing  influence  of governmental expertise and the growing influence of direct democracy, and the belief in the efficacy of imprisonment. The article also mentions

Women's History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women's History - Essay Example Even in cabinet or parliaments, women are underrepresented. It should be noted that population wise, the number of women in this world is more than the number of men. Yet they were deprived of equal opportunities in political circles with men. The conditions of the women were not so good in the past also. It should be noted that slavery and other social evils were prevailing not only in America but also in other parts of the world during past few centuries. Slavery was hyperactive during the period 1600-1820. Women community struggled more than male community because of slavery related problems as well as other social evils. Participation in politics was only a distant dream for women during the past. This paper analyses the political roles of women during the period 1600-1820. Carol Berkin in her article, â€Å"The Effect of Slavery on African American Women Lives† clearly explains the social and political life of women in America during 1600-1820. ‘Denied by any legal abilities to control the conditions of their life, women labored according to their master’s demands. Women were vulnerable to brutal punishments and to the separation of their families. They had no choice but to accept the marginal food and clothing† (â€Å"Berkin, p.59). These facts clearly illustrate the typical lives of black women during the period of 1600-1820 in America. Many people have the illusion that the conditions of white women was so good in America during this period. In fact white women also faced lot of discriminations during this period even though they never faced harsh experiences as faced by the black women explained above. When talking about women in Africa and other countries of the global south (formerly known as the Third World), feminists often point out that these women must manage multiple forms of disadvantage or oppression. Not only do they suffer the universal subordination shared by women across the world, but also they must contend wit h living in poorer or less-developed countries(Women, Politics, and Power, p.27). Even today, African women are leading pathetic life compared to women in other parts of the world. They were forced to look after their family single handedly. African males treat their counterparts as inferior citizens. They never allow women to work in the mainstreams of social or political life. The case is not much different in Asia or Europe. In all these regions, the participation of women in politics was negligible during 1600-1820. Women all over the world started to get some kind of recognition in politics from the latter parts of 19 th century onwards. Women’s modern-day participation in politics begins with the acquisition of voting rights (suffrage). The first country to fully enfranchise women, and the only country to give women’s suffrage in the 19th century, was New Zealand in 1893. In 1902, Australia was the second country to give women’s suffrage and was followed b y a variety of Western and Eastern European states. By 1945, 46% of the world’s countries allowed women to vote (Women, Politics, and Power, p.16). These statistics clearly suggest that women started to get voting rights only during the latter periods of 19 th century. Before that, it was unimaginable for women to think in terms of participating in politics. Discrimination against women was evident even in some of the most civilized societies during the 1600-1820 period. Women were used only for the reproductive work during this period. In majority of the countries, women were treated as commodities rather than human beings in this period. It should not be forgotten that the conditions of women is not so good even at present in some of the Middle Eastern countries. Even

Sainsburys Ratio Analysis

Sainsburys Ratio Analysis Accounting and Finance Assignment Sainsburys Ratio Analysis Nowadays, it is important for organizations to know how to survive in the competitive market in which they are involved, markets that require managers who understand and are aware of the internal and external factors that concerns to the company. Therefore, it is vital to know the existence of different techniques of measurement such as financial tools, which can give an idea on how the companys financial situation is going to affect its performance in the marketplace. One of these tools can be the used of financial ratios, which gives to managers the information to set up strategies in order to make decisions in the future. However, it is important to highlight that this ratios provide an overview of the businesss financial condition, but an analysis in depth is needed to know the reasons why certain changes have occurred (Maclaney and Atrill, 2002). Nevertheless, there are some limitations in the used of financial ratios, for instance, the information is out of date so it does not reflect the real situation of the company, hence it can lead to wrong decisions, also, the analysis made from the financial statements gives symptoms of such situations but not the causes of it (Berry and Jarvis, 1997). The purpose of this report is to analyze Sainsburys financial performance using the analysis of ratios as a financial tool. This information will be taken from the annual reports of 2003 and 2004. In addition, it will include external and relevant information of the company which adds value to the analysis and thus to the financial performance in the already mentioned period of time. This will also help to compare Sainsburys with its competitor Tesco, in order to identify and evaluate the performance of both companies. Finally, this report will give conclusions and recommendations to those investors who want to make an investment in a secure company. RATIO ANALYSIS Profitability Ratios According to Maclaney and Atrill (2002, p. 197), Profitability ratios provide an insight to the degree of success in achieving this purpose. For instance, the profitability ratios of Sainsbury plc are: Profitabiliy Ratios 2004 2003 Return on Capital Employed 8.53% 9.29% Return on Equity 7.64% 8.95% Gross Profit Margin 8.65% 8.14% Net Profit Margin 3.91% 4.25% Table 1. Profitability Ratios (Base on data contained in Appendix A) Regarding on this table, Sainsburys profitability ratios show a moderately deterioration in profit from 2003 to 2004 in a margin of 6%. This downward trend is due to several changes the company had such as, (1) the sell of JS Development and Shaws supermarket, this has an impact on the companys current assets (cash) and profit, in one hand it brings in cash for the sell but on the other hand it stops the daily cash input, consequently there were a decline in profit in 2.6%; (2) the purchase of Swan Infrastructure Holdings Limited, which consist of a whole modern IT system and it is part of a Business Transformation Programme, therefore, there was a rise in 6% of the capital employed (fixed assets and net debt), and also a significantly fall in cash in 27%. Because of all these reasons, there was a drop in profit, but as it is a long-term investment it is estimated to be an income generation in the future. Efficiency and Effectiveness Ratios These ratios are used to try and identify the strengths and weaknesses of a business using a variety of different ratios (Giles et al., 1994, p. 371). The following table illustrates the efficiency ratios used in Sainsburys case. Efficiency and Effectiveness 2004 2003 Fixed Asset Turnover 2 times 2.17 times Debtor Collection Period 1.51 days 2.48 days Creditor Payment Period 28.83 days 28.78 days Stock Holding Period 17.61 days 18.67 days Table 2. Efficiency and Effectiveness (Base on data contained in Appendix A) The fixed asset turnover has slightly decreased due to the acquisition of Swan Infrastructure Holdings Limited, which caused a rise of 7.73% on Sainsburys fixed assets in comparison with the year 2003. Moreover, sales have remained constant which have risen in 0.3%. The purchase of the IT systems will give opportunities to enhanced operational effectiveness, a stronger platform, low costs and an increased in sales. In what a debtor collection period concerns, although this ratio shows a very little period to collect debts from customers, it is logic for this kind of business to be like that owing to the fact that being a supermarket, sales are in cash, only a 8% of the current assets are related to debtors, which had a fall in almost 40% comparing with 2003. On the other hand, the creditor payment period has stayed constant and it shows good rates. The cycle of both debtor collection period and creditor payment period demonstrates that the company receive the money from their debtors before paying to their suppliers, which is good since they do not need to finance themselves but pay with the cash they get in from debtors. Regarding to the stock holding period, even though it has fallen in 1 day, it still is high for a business like supermarket in which the stock plays an important role because the rotation has to be in short periods of time to keep the food fresh. However, it is good to consider that Sainsbury also have a stock of electro domestics, entertainment, house-wares, etc., that the rotation is meant to be in long periods of time. Liquidity Ratios As Maclaney and Atrill (2002, p. 197) said, Certain ratios may be calculated that examine the relationship between liquid resources held and creditors due for payment in the near future. These ratios in Sainsburys company are as follow. Liquidity Ratios 2004 2003 Current Ratio 0.83:1 0.87:1 Acid Test (Quick Ratio) 0.67:1 0.70:1 Table 3. Liquidity Ratios (Base on data contained in Appendix B) The current ratio has a slightly fall, due to the current liabilities rising faster than the current assets. Looking at the current liabilities it can be seen that the company is using bank loans to finance the acquisition of the IT systems by the group, which increased in 63%. The current assets have also been affected by a decreased in 27% of cash account since a 10% of the purchase was made in cash. Similar situation happened with the acid test ratio with a slight fall in the rate. These ratios show a low rate, due to the fast stock rotation which produces cash sales. Although, it seems like the current assets do not cover the current liabilities, the liquid assets are used as productively by the growing of the business to make it more effective, thus profitable. Capital Gearing Ratios This is the relationship between the amount financed by the owners of the business and the amount contributed by outsiders (Maclaney and Atrill 2002, p. 197). For instance, Sainsburys capital gearing ratios are: Capital Gearing Ratios 2004 2003 Gearing Ratio 28.54% 25.97% Times Interest Covered 5.91 times 5.31 times Table 4. Capital Gearing Ratios (Base on data contained in Appendix B) The gearing ratio has increased by 9% due to the long-term debts rising faster than the capital employed during the period from 2003 to 2004. The long term debts went up by 14%, which is because the purchase of IT fixed assets and also the company resort to operations in the capital market and by operating subsidiaries to deal with the interest rate and current risk these finance involves. On the other hand, the times interest covered stayed constant and even though is a low rate, the company still can cover its interest with their profit. Investor Ratios Certain ratios are concerned with assessing the returns and performance of shares held in a particular business (McLaney et al., 2002, p. 197). In this case, the investor ratios for Sainsburys are the followings: Investor Ratios 2004 2003 Earnings per Share 0.20 0.23 Price Earnings Ratio 12.63 times 9.54 times Dividend Yield 6 6.89 Dividend Cover 1.32 1.52 Table 5. Investor Ratios (Base on data contained in Appendix B) The earning per share has fall by 13% mainly caused by the higher profits on business disposals that the company went through last year, so the return to shareholders was a lower rate per share. In contrast, the price earning per share growth by 24%, due to the increase in the market share price in 14%, this is a good new for Sainsburys since it reflects that the market confidence grew from 2003 to 2004. The dividend yield had a slightly decreased since the dividend per share only increased by 0.7% from last year. This was a decision from the company and it reflects the reduction in the earning per share already mentioned and the fall in the dividend cover by 13%. RECOMMENDATION TO POTENTIAL INVESTORS According to the information given by the ratios analysis in the last section, it can be said that even though the companys ratios showed a decreased rates from 2003 to 2004, the expectations of the business performance looks profitable. This is due to the Business Transformation Programme, which consists on the acquisition of IT systems and the sell of Shaws Supermarket and JS Development. The former will be a positive impact in the financial performance of the company in a long-term by increasing sales and reducing costs; and the latter will be used to develop and make more effective the financial and management resources, hence it will enlarge Sainsburys core UK business and strengthen its market position. Therefore, from the ratios analysis, it can be stated that Sainsburys is not a good company to, at present time invest in, since the company has not showed a significant growth in profit during the last financial year. To conclude, if Sainsburys finances start to grow, there is no doubt that investors should consider this company to invest in as it plans a better performance in the long-term. In the next part, it will be given some additional information about Sainsburys and also a comparison with Tesco. RELEVANT INFORMATION ABOUT SAINSBURYS The acquisition of IT system was an important contribution to lead Sainsburys strength its position in the high competitive marketplace. Whereas the group chief executive of Sainsburys said: The net reduction in costs will provide Sainsburys with additional resources to develop our customer proposition, by investing in quality and innovation and improving further our competitive offer, as we move towards trading our business harder from summer 2004 (http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?PageID=19subsection=Year=2004NewsID=384), there are some opinions that contrast with the statement already mentioned, which states that this acquisition of sophisticated technology was too ambition and did the approach too quick, now Sainsburys is in a worst position than it was before (Smiddy cited OBrian, 2004). In addition, after have used the new IT system, Sainsburys realized that the supply chain system have failed and it did not work as they have expected, it did not increased productivity and the costs were higher than they were years ago (http://www.computerweekly.com). SAINSBURYS vs. TESCO The supermarket industry is very competitive nowadays, and even more when it comes to the customers satisfaction which is more and more demanding, so it is important for companies in this business to be focus in valued than in profitability, since the former leads them to the latter. Sainsburys and Tesco are two of the principles supermarket chains in UK. Both chains have similar things to offer, such as own label goods; have concern about consumers needs for example healthy and organic food; launched loyalty cards; expand their products such as clothing, electro domestics, etc. and others. On the other hand, they have some differences that make one stand out from the other. While Tesco have a good supply chains and a good strategy, which is having low prices and improving customer satisfaction by having the right products in shelf, Sainsburys is facing some problems in what a supply chain relates to the implementation of the IT system (http://proquest.umi.com), which causes the lack of products in the shops and also the customers find it more expensive than its competitors, where they can have equal quality products with lower price (http://proquest.umi.com). There are other differences between Sainsburys and Tesco, but there is an important question which is where to invest?. It is important to draw attention to the fact that Sainsburys financial situation does not attract investors, due to the decrease in the profit and sales. In addition, the company has being going through its first loss in 135 years of history (www.accountancyage.com). This reduction was mainly caused by the 554 million acquisition of IT system, and by the drop in profits for the financial year. Thus, it can be said that Tesco might be a better choice to invest in, but this is open to discussion. CONCLUSION Taking into consideration the ratio analysis applied to Sainsburys, it can be said that the company had some variation between 2003 and 2004. Whereas, most of the profitability, efficiency and effectiveness, liquidity and investor ratios demonstrate decline, the gearing ratios demonstrate a rise due to the growth in the long-term debts and the capital employed. Understanding the ratio analysis and the relevant information gathered looks like Sainsburys has gone through some difficulties in their supply chain and their financial and marketing management. Although they have invested in a long-term project and are positive in a potential growth in the coming years, to reach their aim they have to work hard and play in the same field its competitors (Tesco and Asda) are doing, by having low prices and good quality food always available in their shelf for all kind of consumers. Sainsburys still have a strong position in the retail sector in the UK. For this reason it is good for investors to wait and see its performance for the next years, currently is not a good moment to invest in. REFERENCES BERRY, A. and JARVIS, R., 1997. Accounting in a Business Context. 3rd Edition. London: International Thomson Business Press. GILES, R. and CAPEL, J., 1994. Finance and accounting. 3rd Edition. London: MacMillan. HARDING, D., 2005. Supermarket sweep-up for Sainsburys. Accountancy Age. Available from: [http://www.accountancyage.com/news/1139885] Accessed 22/Apr/2005. MARKETING WEEK, 2004. Reinvention is the only option left for Sainsburys. Marketing Week, pg. 30. Available from: [http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727035691sid=8Fmt=3clientId=15517RQT=309VName=PQD] Accessed 20/Apr/2005. MARKETING WEEK, 2005. Sainsburys promises must mean business. Marketing Week, pg.22. Available from: [http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=792773011sid=9Fmt=3clientId=15517RQT=309VName=PQD] Accessed 20/Apr/2005. MCLANEY, E. and ATRILL, P., 2002. Accounting An Introduction. Second edition. London: Prentice Hall. OBRIEN, L., 2004. Sainsburys blames profit warning on supply failures. Supply Management, 9 (22). Available from: [http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=749826531sid=8Fmt=4clientId=15517RQT=309VName=PQD] Accessed 20/Apr/2005. SAINSBURYS WEBSITE, 2005. Annual Report and Financial Statements 2004. Available from: [http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=20] Accessed 15/Apr/2005. SAINSBURYS WEBSITE, 2005. Sainsburys simplifies financing of IT contract with Accenture. Investor News. Available from: [http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?PageID=19subsection=Year=2004NewsID=384] Accessed 20/Apr/2005.

Binge Drinking Freshmen :: Personal Narrative College Papers

Binge Drinking Freshmen Emily* is a typical female college student on the outside, with a shocking story hidden on the inside. Emily began drinking before most students rode on their first bus †¦ school bus! At the age of 4, Emily wasn’t given candy, but alcohol instead. As an incentive for repeating words back to her aunt she was given red wine. As Emily got older, her mother brought her to family parties, oblivious to what was going on. At these parties, Emily would typically drink scotch or whiskey, provided to her by the older men in the family. When 6th grade rolled around, Emily began drinking with friends, sneaking it into her room for sleepovers. High school was the same idea, although now, Emily consistently found herself drinking alone in the mornings, even before going to school. After graduation, Emily left home in D.C. for Boston’s Northeastern University. She described her first year in the city of Boston. â€Å"I went all out; I didn’t have to worry about having my mom catch me drunk, I drank as much as I wanted to, whenever I wanted,† she said. While, "going all out," Emily made other bad decisions, as a result of her bad drinking habits. â€Å"I slept with a couple guys and never used protection. I had to use the Morning after pill on one occasion.† Even after testing herself for HIV and other STDs, she continued to binge drink every weekend. This went on until last fall, when she nearly lost her life leaving a bar downtown. It was a cold, dark, rain driven late night/early morning in Boston and Emily wanted nothing more than to go home to bed. Yelling obscenities after leaving the bar, she was hit by a cab. Her head slammed into the pavement and she had a seizure. Her friends called 911 immediately and she was rushed to the hospital. After spending a few days in the hospital, Emily realized like always after a night of drinking that she was having trouble remembering the details. Only this time, things were different, she told me she couldn’t form short/long-term memories or even remember things in her past. Emily decided to take a look at her life, ultimately realizing she wasn’t happy with herself. Cold turkey appeared to be her only option with alcohol at the time and she gave it a shot. Even with stories such as these being published in newspapers throughout the country on a daily basis,

Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming

People depend for good introduction in Agro-Farming not only on good seeds, good fertilizers, good irrigation and good Agro-technology; but they need also short-term, medium and long term loans to meet their other demands at farm level in farming. This genuine situational scene has a power to present an impact of applied cooperative credit and banking on farmers in farming from the point of origin of the Indian Cooperative Credit (a facile credit) movement from the period of working of NIDISH in Madras Province in 1882 to 1904 till date. This is a good Genesis of this issue with a scientific periodicity which may be perused in following section. An Iota in the facile cooperative credit scene of madras province Nidish a socio-economic social group were working in very active form like the primary cooperative credit societies at farm level in rural Madras province in 1882-1884. Madras Provinces 1882-1884 :- Fedaric Nicholson’s visit from India to Germany to study the working of The Raiffieson Model Rural Cooperative Credit societies and came back with a finding â€Å"Find Raiffieson† because he found 100% similarities in need of Agro – financing for Rural India, with cultural similarities at great scale in rural India and Rural Germany. In India also there was great exploitation done by private moneylenders by charging 75% rate of interest and in Germany also such high interest was taken by Jews/Nazis from Rural Germany Farmers. The profit motive and usurious practices were similar in India and Germany. In 1882 to 1884 Fedaric Nicholson came back from Germany in Madras Province and recommended to the government to start primary Agro-Cooperative credit and Banking instead of Nidish to protect rural people from great exploitation and usurious practices of private money lender. His report and recommendations were accepted by the Madras provincial government under the control of British government. This was also studied and accepted by the government of Bombay province Maharashtra due to great vitality in his recommendations in public interest. In 1896, the British government appointed Edward committee (sir Edward as chairman) to study the Indian Rural conditions, needs and scope of working of the primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit societies under the control of British government for the people to work with cooperation of the people for the people with democratic management at grass root level. The Edward Committee 1896-1904 surveyed the Indian Rural agro-banking system and passed first cooperative Societies Act 1904 which was accepted and made applicable for greater India (from Kabul to Burma) with democratic centralised cooperative credit banking; viz; from Kabul to Burma, if any primary Agricultural cooperative society was organised, then it was bound to get registration from Delhi only. This was a real scene from 1904-1908. The distance factor was main problem for for mation and registration of Agro-primary Cooperative Credit Societies. In this era cooperative credit was considered as a facile credit and cooperative banking was accepted a means to achieve the desired goal in a desired time. In 1908, Lawd recommended to add cooperative Audit, with cooperative credit and banking by increasing two sections in the cooperative Act of 1904. Thus total sections from 48 to 50 were made in the first cooperative society’s act of 1904 in 1908-1912. This added great strength to Agro-cooperative credit and banking system for Rural India. In 1912, the cooperative society Act was again examined by Sir Malcolm I. C. S and others. They suggested to add three sections more for facilitating cooperative credit, Consumption, and Marketing to the people of Rural India to protect them from exploitation of private traders and took them away from cruel clutches of exploiters by using cooperative organisation of the people for the people. It was accepted by the government in public interest. In 1914-1915, the cooperation was made state sponsored subject to give chance to the state (provincial governments) to frame their own cooperative society Acts on the basis of this model Act of 1904 with due consideration of the interpersonal situations of the concern state in preparation of their own cooperative societies act. It gave good chance to states from Kabul to Burma to register primary Agro-cooperative credit societies for credit and banking activities according to their interpersonal conditions to work and upgrade socio-economic life of rural people by effective working of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business. There was a rapid growth of members of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business and growth also found in qualities of services from 1912-1915 in cooperative credit movement in India. The first world war of 1915 gave great shock for the growth of Rural Agro-Cooperative banking due to more involvement of rural people in Indian Army. Therefore there was stunted growth of working of Agro-cooperative credit and banking from 1915 to 1925. There was Second World War in 1930-1935. The Burma separated from India in 1920 and Shyam, Rangun and Kabul were also separated in 1937-38 and became independent countries. These newly made countries accepted and used Indian model cooperative society Act of 1912-15 to make their own cooperative acts. In 1939-40 in India, the Vijayraghavacharya committee recommended to start linking of cooperative credit with Agro-production and marketing in Madras provinces in Salem district. It was applied in Salem district only for testing. India became independent country in 1947 from the clutches of britishood separate it. The public finance sub-committee (headed by Dr. D. R. Godgil) in 1946 submitted its report and recommended to allow crop loan systems to Rural people (farmers) to bring new change in farm financing by deciding Maximum Cooperative Credit Limit (M. C. L. ) per farmer, per acre per crop per season to upgrade economic strength of rural borrowers on the one hand by weathering the deep rooted exploitation of private moneylenders which gave a good chance for effective working of rural Agro-cooperative credit and banking on the other. It was again reviewed by Thakurdas Mehta committee in 1948. This committee recommended starting its application from April 1950 in First Five Year Plan. At this time Ready Recknor was not made crop-wise for farmers but Rs. 500 M. C. L. (Maximum Credit Limit) per acre per crop was approved to apply from 1951 to 1954 in the first five year plan for good financing to farmers through primary Agro-Cooperative credit societies. It was brought in real practices. In 1950-54, A. G. Gorwala I. C. S was appointed to do All India Rural Credit Survey to judge the extent of credit distribution by the cooperative credit societies in presence of several moneylenders. He did survey in 75 districts of India, in 400 villages and 127475 farmers families who found 3. 5% farm financing and banking was done since 1904 to 1954 by cooperative credit societies and 96. 5% was done by non-cooperative agencies. The extent of linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing was found 1 % only. There was major failure of cooperative credit and banking role in rural India in socio-economic upgradation process for farming community. The AIRCS committee 1954 gave remark, â€Å"Cooperative have failed but must succeed. † The AIRCS committee recommended starting CCR (controlled credit recovery) scheme under integrated Approach, viz: linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing to upgrade socio-economic life of farmers on the one hand and quality of services of cooperative credit and banking on the other. This recommendation was applied in second five year plan from 1955 to 1960. It was found that linking of cooperative credit and marketing increased from 1% to 11% and extent of cooperative credit distribution was increased from 3. 5% to 30% and maximum credit limit (MCL) increased from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1200 per crop per acre per year. This gradual growth gave great encouragement to cooperative credit and banking system in farm financing at a great length. This had motivated for a reliable and very valid effective approach through cooperative credit and banking for rural reorientation as well as upgradation of socio-economic change of rural people in rural India. This indicated a good desired shifting of cooperative credit business and gave a motivation to cooperative sector to face challenge for a desired change at farm level in the system of farming with Agro-technology. If we examine socio-economic changes from 1950 to 2012 or from first five year plan to 11th five year plan through applied cooperative credit and banking, the desired changes are found based on multiple variables with varieties of risks (challenges for changes). This scene is inviting attention of planners, surveyors, researchers and the governments to identify factors or obstacles affecting in achieving the desired results. Nobody has made any attempt on this issue at a great length till date to identify the factors affecting the quality of socio-economic change operation of cooperative credit and rural banking practices. There is urgent need and demand of the rural people, primary Agro-cooperative credit societies and applied cooperative banking to identify the problem raising factors and discover reliable and valid solutions to achieve the desired goal in the desired time. Therefore, an attempt is needed to make on this issue. The present study aims to work on this issue at a great length. Objectives of the study Broadly speaking, this study has main following objectives:- 1. To identify/ analyse the reliable and valid factors affecting the working of applied cooperative credit and banking at grassroots level and also to identify socio-economic changes at farm level and; 2. To explore practical possible solutions as remedial measures to solve the problems at grass root levels, to do socio-economic upgradation of farmers and their farming with help of modern Agro-technology and rational farm financing. Research Design The present study is going to do Exploratory-cum-Descriptive research work. It is a systematic and purposeful empirical enquiry; it includes surveys and fact-findings enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has no control over the variables. It only reports what has happened or what is happening. In which the researcher does not have direct control over independent variables either what has happened or what is happening. But in this solution by the research an attempt has to make to search reliable and valid factors to discover a good solution for solving the problems. Location of the Universe/ Population B. R. College Agra of the Agra University as centre for the study and district Mewat Haryana has been selected by the purposive sampling method as definite universe of the study. Sampling design:- Sample selected by multistage stratified disproportionate random sampling. Total number of farmers members involved in CCR scheme in Agro-cooperative credit and banking are 380. Their size group and covered credit operation is given as under:- Size groupSize group of farmersTotal Farmers membersTotal Land covered by members in acresSample fractionTotal farmers A0-2. acres14028020%700 B2. 5-5. 0 acres12036020%600 C5. 0-7. 5 acres10060020%500 D7. 5-above acres2012020%100 Total members380126020%1900 Data Collection: – Research instruments:- Schedule-cum-questionnaire has been used for data collection. The Complete participant observation method and interview technique has been used for data collection. We have done pretesting at small scale to judge the effectiveness of the research ins truments. It has been found very correct and useful for the work.

Graham Greene - The Third Man Essays - Novellas, Films, Free Essays

Graham Greene - The Third Man Essays - Novellas, Films, Free Essays Graham Greene - The Third Man Author Henry Graham Greene was born on 2 October 1904 in Berkhamsted in England and was one of six children. At the age of eight he went to the Berkhamsted school. As a teenager he was under so immense pressure that he got psychological problems and suffered a nervous breakdown. In 1922 he was enrolled on the Balliol College, Oxford and in 1926 after graduation he started to work for the London Times as sub-editor and for the Nottingham Journal as journalist, where he met his later wife Vivien Dayrell-Browning. In February 1926 before marring his wife he was received into the Roman Catholic Church, which had influenced him and his writings. In 1929 his first novel The Man Within was published, but his popularity wasnt sealed before Stamboul Train (Orient Express) was published in 1932. In 1935 he became the house film critic for The Spectator. In 1938 he published Brighton Rock and wrote The Lawless Roads and The Power and the Glory. In 1941 within the World War Two he began to spy voluntar ily for the British Foreign Office in Sierra Leone and resigned in 1943 because of being accused of collusion and traitorous activities that never substantiated. He spent the rest of the war travelling widely and produced on his experiences he made The Heart of the Matter in 1948. In 1950 The Third Man was published which was written as a film treatment. So the book became famous after the movie had been released in 1949 and Greene states: The Third Man was never to be read but only to be seen. In 1975 he separated from his wife and on 3 April 1991 he died in Vevey, Switzerland. The novel Main Characters Rollo Martins alias Buck Dexter, English author of cheap westerns Harry Lime, old school friend and idol of Martins Colonel Calloway, English police officer and observer narrator Anna Schmidt, actress and Limes girl-friend, feigns to be Austrian but is Hungarian Dr. Winkler, Limes doctor and present doctor at the accident Colonel Cooler, a friend of Lime Herr Koch, Limes caretaker and witness of Limes accident Plot Rollo Martins travels after the World War II to the into four zones divided Vienna to visit his old school friend Harry Lime, who had invited him to Austria to report on international refugees. When arriving, Martins finds out that his friend was run over by car and died. At Limes funeral he meets Colonel Calloway who states that Lime was the worst racketeer in Vienna who would have been arrested if he had not been killed. At a literary discussion he starts his own inquiry at first with Kurtz who explains the accident but Martins is not satisfied, he thinks Lime was murdered. Visiting Schmidt, she tells the same as Cooler did, but mentions that even the driver was a friend of Lime. After that, he visits the doctor to question him, but gets no information. At Limes apartment he meets Koch who reveals that he is a witness who did not give evidence. He claims that there was a third man whom he could not identify. Cooler also tells the same story as Kurtz and askes him about the third ma n, but he has not seen a third man. Schmidt and he decide to question Koch again. As they arrived, Koch was murdered. After this Calloway makes an inquiry about Cooler, Kurtz, Dr. Winkler and Koch. Martins tells him about the third man, then Calloway informs him about Limes rackets: In those days, only military hospitals were supplied with Penicilin in Austria. As a result Penicillin was stolen and sold to Australian doctors for much money. The consequences were that it causes venereal diseases and meningitis. Then he showed evidences that Lime, Kurtz, Cooler, Winkler and Harbin were involved. So Martins gets disillusioned and disappointed about Lime and he wants to leave Vienna, but he cannot because of the Austrian police. Both think that Kurtz or third man killed Lime, so he tries to find third man. After the inquiry he visits Schmidt and tells her all about Lime and as leaving her, he meets the third man who is Lime. He pursues him to

aging population essays

aging population essays Ageing population is a worldwide pattern. The population is getting older this has social, political and economic impact on all societies. New Zealands ageing population is a consequence of many factors. It raises many issues with the policies of New Zealand. The factors that contribute to New Zealands increase in elderly are clear. High fertility rates, low mortality rates and the ageing of the immigrants that came to New Zealand in the first two decades of the century. This demographic change is putting increasing demand on New Zealands social services. Higher fertility rates occurred during the early nineteen hundreds. This is when most of todays elderly were born. This period is referred to as the Baby boomers. This is where an extra large cohort of people were born between 1946 1962. (Easton, 1980 p 71). Fertility now is on the decline and women are having on average one child less than in the 1950s. This is causing a generation gap, between the youth, working-age and the elderly. Variation in fertility is usually regarded as the predominant cause of change in age structure. (Heenan, 1993). Census forms taken every five years in New Zealand are the current source of research, and these may predict that generational inequality can occur. The second factor contributing to New Zealands Ageing population is Immigration. Historically immigration has always been important, and for a long period it to also regarded as the predominant, cause of population ageing in New Zealand. (Heenan, 1993). Immigration affects the elderly more than the younger age groups. Foreign born represent a large share of elderly New Zealanders. Census forms have been used to find out the number of immigrants in New Zealand. I question the validity of the testing and the results. Consequently ageing immigrants also brought about the change from a male dominant population to a f ...

Definition informal personality type Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Definition informal personality type - Assignment Example According to my pals, I am a no-nonsense girl who cares less about the public opinion as long as I achieve my goals. Nonetheless, this does not mean violating other people’s rights and freedom in order to succeed in my endeavors. My strong personality has gained me different names from my male and female friends. However, the word jerk is beyond my character. I might cause a conflict or pain to individuals who threaten my freedom or intend to divert my goals, but under normal circumstances, I am calm and friendly. The society has a wrong perception of womanhood due to the stereotypes and male domination. Consequently, women and girls who express their willingness to confront patriarchy receive social neglect and labelling. I am firm girl who intends to follow my dream and achieve the success that fits my description. I draw my inspiration from Margret Thatcher, and if my idol was a jerk, I intend to be one as it is profitable than being

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Management - Essay Example A similar pattern of social influence was also reported by those who were identified as in-group members and as protà ©gà ©s. In-group members and mentored individuals reported greater use of expert and referent power than out-group members and non-mentored people. Further, out-group members and non-mentored individuals both reported a greater use of coercive power than did in-group members and protà ©gà ©s. Research interest in mentor/protà ©gà © relationships developed during the 1980s. It arose largely without articulated conceptual links to other topics in social/organizational psychology such as leadership, social influence, pro-social behavior, or social exchange. The first studies of this developmental relationship were descriptive and exploratory, such as Krams early research (2003) which identified two functions that mentors provide their protà ©gà ©s: career and psychosocial. More recent research (Noe, 1998a, 458) has examined the process and outcome of formal assigned mentor-protà ©gà © pairings and, in particular, the difference in outcomes between formal and naturally developing informal mentoring relationships (Chao, Walz, & Gardner, 2002, 619). Noe (1998b, 68) reviewed work on mentoring as it pertains to womens career development. He recommended clarifying the nature of the mentoring construct, suggesting several research questions about the development and effectiveness of these relationships. Noe also stated that "the use of leader-member exchange theory may further understanding of the dynamics involved in the formation of mentorships" (p. 73). Consistent with Noes recommendations, the present study was designed to investigate the convergence of mentoring relationships with another construct in social/organizational psychology: high-quality leader-member exchange (LMX). To explore the convergence of LMX and mentoring, we propose that

Reaction Paper to McFerson's African Women Essay

Reaction Paper to McFerson's African Women - Essay Example These women are the nomad community’s architects. They construct and are the owners of the nomadic houses. The construction of these houses is a form of wedding ritual and is one of the events women perform collectively. In some areas, women in Somalia work collectively to fetch water, collect firewood, make food and take care of the children. Pre-nuptial gifts are from the groom’s family or himself to the girl she wants to marry or bride. In a number of cases, pre-nuptial gifts together with dowry are given by the husband as a fraction of the total wealth for the new household (McFerson 443). The nature of the pre-nuptial gifts depends on the events that occur in the marriage union, for example, if the marriage union collapses without the wife’s fault or if the head of the household dies, the pre-nuptial gift is used to support the wife. Similarly, in Western cultures, there are a number of gifts that bypass amid the groom and bride and their respective relatives during marriage. There are rules that regard the nature of these in the occasion of divorce or death, and they vary with area or time (McFerson 444). The traditional Ashanti society has a high regard for ancestors, ancestor worship and matriliny. They use ancestors as an element of worship. The ancestors are perceived to be superior and powerful to human beings. Additionally, they honor and acknowledge the presence of the ancestors (McFerson 446). The poem presume the dead or ancestors are immortal and appear in the form of wailing children, the firebrands, the grass, dying fire, whimpering rocks, forest, and in the house. This community feels the presence of the ancestors. That is why the poem insists the dead are not dead. The poem highlights matriliny in the form of inheritance. That is why ancestors or the dead are in the form of wailing

Slavery in Africa Essay Example for Free

Slavery in Africa Essay For almost the entire recorded history in most communities, slavery is a prominent feature. However, slave trade in Africa left a remarkable legacy due to the large numbers of slaves that were involved and also the sufferings that the slaves were subjected to. This makes the slavery that took place in Africa to be of great significance and thus it cannot be ignored. Slavery was outstanding in Africa than in any other part of the world, many years before the transatlantic slavery. The Lagos maritime town was the first to be used by the Portuguese as a slave market where they could be able to sell the African slaves after they were imported (Evans, Para 3). Slavery in Africa The issue of whether slavery existed in the communities of the sub Saharan Africa before the Europeans arrived in these regions is an issue that is hotly contested between the Eurocentric and Afrocentric academics. But the controversy does not eliminate the fact that slave trade was a prominent feature in Africa. It is very evident from many historical sources that the Africans were subjected to various forms of slavery. The chattel slavery was practiced by the Europeans via the famous Trans Atlantic slave trade and the Muslims who were conducting the Trans Saharan slave trade. Years after slave trade was abolished in Africa, the vice continued as the colonial powers governing Africa continued to subject Africans to forced labor (Evans, Para 5). Slavery in Africa was practiced by both the Europeans and Muslims. The Muslims were involved in slave trade across the Saharan region. They based this practice on the Qur’ran which prescribes that slavery should be approached on humanitarian grounds. According to the Qur’ran, free men should not be made slaves and those practicing other religions should be protected. Nevertheless, the increase of the empire of the Islam in Africa led to the harsh interpretation of the Qur’ran law. This made the people who were proclaiming other religions to be considered as ideal candidates of slavery by the Muslims. Such slaves were either sold by the Muslims to other people who wanted slaves or the Muslims themselves could take them as their own slaves (Miers, pp 130). When the Portuguese arrived for the first time at the African coast of the Atlantic in 1430s, they were only interested in gold and not slaves. However, by the end of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had already traded more than eighty one thousand African slaves to the neighboring Atlantic islands, Europe and to the Muslim merchants (Evans, Para 7). For two centuries, i. e. between the years 1440-1640, the Portuguese had the monopoly of exporting slaves to Europe from Africa. It is remarkable that Portugal was the last European nation to abolish slave trade, although France continued to oppress the former slaves through forced labor. It is approximated that during the entire period of slave trade in Africa, which lasted for about four and a half centuries, the slave trade of the trans Atlantic, in which the Portuguese were the main players, managed to export more than four and a half million Africans as slaves to other countries. However, during the 18th century, when more than six million Africans became slaves in foreign countries, Britain was the most notorious nation practicing the vice, but this fact is usually forgotten by the people who cite the prime role played by Britain in bringing to an end the slave trade not only in Africa but in the entire world (Lovejoy, pp 129). The main aim of slavery in Africa was to provide cheap labor to the countries which were developing at that time and which were in dire need of cheap labor. The Muslims and countries such as Portugal were the main participants in the trade since they were able to export the slaves from Africa and thus sell them to other countries and creating wealth from the trade. The Africans who were captured as slaves were first taken to the local slave markets where they were sold and later transported via the Atlantic Ocean to other countries where they remained for the rest of their lives as slaves (Miers, pp 220). Conclusion Slave trade in Africa was very prominent than in any other part of the world. This is because millions of Africans were enslaved by the more powerful nations such as Britain and Portugal. The Africans who became slaves in foreign countries were subjected to a lot of suffering by their masters. They were denied most of their rights and were forced to work for their masters without any pay. Work cited: Evans, Alistair Boddy; Slavery of Africans and Slavery in Africa (2009): Retrieved on 3rd July 2009 from, http://africanhistory. about. com/od/slavery/a/Slavery101. htm. Lovejoy, Paul E. ; Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa (2000): Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521784301. Miers, Suzanne; Slavery in Africa: historical and anthropological perspectives (1979): Univ. of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0299073343.

Comparison of Stroke Rehabilitation Guidelines

Comparison of Stroke Rehabilitation Guidelines Stroke is considered to be the third cause of death and disability for millions of people in developed countries (1). Stroke is the clinical manifestation of a wide range of pathologies, with different etiologies and prognoses, and many risk factors. Stroke is defined as a syndrome characterized by rapidly developing clinical symptoms and/or signs of focal loss of cerebral function, in which symptoms last more than 24 hours or lead to death, with no apparent cause other than that it is a vascular origin. Stroke victims who survive the first attack may have persisting impairments such as cognitive impairments, upper and lower limb impairments and speech disabilities. The United Kingdoms prevalence of stroke in the population is estimated to be 47 per 10000 making stroke the most common cause of adult physical disability (1; 2; 3). In the United State the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) estimated that 15000 veterans are in hospitals with a diagnosis of stroke every year (4). Stroke rehabilitation is a main factor in helping stroke survivors to regain their functional ability when medical and surgical interventions are limited (5). Physical therapy plays a major role in stroke rehabilitation. Physical therapists choose the duration and type of therapy given and provide education for stroke patients. Stroke rehabilitation aims at giving the patients the ability to regain maximum and full potential in functional activities and restoration of motor control (6; 7; 8; 5). Three main factors in rehabilitation contribute to the speed and quality of recovery. These factors are: treatment session duration and frequency, type of treatment approach used for rehabilitation, and providing education about the condition for patients during and after therapy (2; 3; 7; 8; 9). Physical therapy rehabilitation for stroke patients is designed to impact the disabilities and impairments associated with post stroke conditions. Rehabilitation is mainly aimed at limiting any deterioration of impairments and maximizing the functional level for patients suffering from stroke. To be able to deliver this, physical therapists should follow a certain set of guidelines which will insure better outcomes and avoid unnecessary practices that could prolong and delay optimum gain of function (6; 7). It is unclear whether physical therapists in Kuwait follow any specific guidelines in stroke rehabilitation. Therefore, it would be plausible to learn more about current local rehabilitation procedures. This may help in the further development of local rehabilitation procedures and practice guidelines, optimization of treatment and rehabilitation management, improvement in stroke patients health and quality of life, and minimization of conflicted rehabilitation practices that prolong therapy which in turn affect and burden the health system with increased number of patients (6; 8; 10; 11). We hypothesize that physical therapist in Kuwait rehabilitation do not follow stroke rehabilitation guidelines and science based practices in stroke rehabilitation. Therefore the aims of this study are to: Explore if stroke rehabilitation in Kuwait follow general guidelines of stroke rehabilitation regarding frequency of treatment sessions and duration of each session. Investigate if physical therapists specializing in the field of neuroscience in Kuwait follow general guidelines of stroke rehabilitation regarding their treatment approaches. Identify if education is being provided for stroke patients about their condition during and after rehabilitation. Literature Review: Stroke is defined as a syndrome in which clinical symptoms and/or signs of cerebral function loss develop rapidly, and last for more than 24 hours or result in death. Stroke can be classified according to the cause, which is either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes account for 85% of all strokes, while 15% account for hemorrhagic strokes. Over 10% of patients who had a first stroke will have a second one within a year, and the risk of recurrence within 5 years is 15-42% (1). There are a wide range of conditions that lead to stroke, such as hypertension and diabetes. Each year, 5.45 million deaths are attributed to stroke, and over 9 million survive. Survivors often experience a wide range of persisting impairments. Common impairments include Physical disability, cognitive impairment, Lower limb impairments, and speech difficulties (1). Rehabilitation is an important part after survival from a stroke. Rehabilitation was defined in the New Zealand guideline for management of stroke as a problem-solving and educational process aimed at reducing the disability and handicap experienced by someone as a result of disease, always within the limitations imposed by both available resources and the underlying disease (12). Its of utmost importance that the stroke patient understands, and receives education concerning his/her condition and what limitations may persist, even after rehabilitation (12). Reker D. M. et al, researched whether adherence to post stroke guidelines was associated with greater patient satisfaction. They used a prospective inception cohort study design for new stroke admissions, including post-acute care, and they made follow-up interviews at 6 months after the stroke injury. Two hundred and eighty eight patients were included in the study, from eleven Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs). The main outcome measures used in this study were: 1) compliance with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2) patient satisfaction with care provided, and 3) stroke-specific instruments. Results have shown that, for every 10% percent increase in guidelines compliance, the average value of patient satisfaction increases by 1.5 points for the mean overall satisfaction score, which ranges from 4 to 39, and includes items for hospital satisfaction, home satisfaction, and overall satisfaction. The study concluded that compliance to AHRQ guidelines is sign ificantly associated with patient satisfaction (7). Several comparisons between Stroke Rehabilitation Protocols/ guidelines have been performed. This is beneficial in establishing the best treatment, with regards to dosing, intensity, duration, as well as efficiency and efficacy of interventions. A study by McNaughton H, et al examined the practice and outcomes of stroke rehabilitation between New Zealand and the United States facilities. This study used a Prospective observational cohort design and included 1161 participants from six United States (U.S.) Rehabilitation facilities and 130 participants from one New Zealand rehabilitation facility, all above the age of 18 years. In this study, New Zealand patients were older than the United States patients. However, the severity of initial stroke was higher for the U.S. patients. Despite that fact, patients in the U.S. were discharged earlier. They also had more intensive therapy, represented in higher durations spent with physical therapy and occupational therapy professionals. Also, U .S therapists tended to spend less time on assessment and non-functional activities, while focusing more on active management of patients. Results showed that, U.S. participants had better outcomes represented by changes in Functional Independence Measure FIM scores and fewer discharges to institutional care (13.2% vs. 21.5%). This study illustrates that duration and intensity of therapy can be adjusted to gain a better outcome. Also, it is important to know which activities are being done in the treatment session, and find out if they contribute to a better outcome of rehabilitation (10). Horn et al. investigated the effect of specific rehabilitation therapies in stroke rehabilitation on outcomes, taking into account the differences between patients. In this study, they wanted to examine the associations between patient characteristics, rehabilitation therapies, neurotropic medication, nutritional support, and time of starting therapy with functional outcomes and discharge destination for stroke inpatients. Discharge total, motor, and cognitive FIM (functional independence measure) scores and discharge destinations were registered for 830 patients with moderate or severe strokes from five U.S. inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Results showed that earlier initiation of rehabilitation, time spent in higher-level rehabilitation activities, such as upper-extremity control, gait and problem solving, usage of newer psychiatric medications, and gastric feeding, were all associated with better outcomes. The study also illustrated that a variety of Physical Therapy, Occupat ional Therapy, and Speech Language Pathology activities were correlated with higher or lower FIM scores. On one hand, more minutes spent per day on PT gait activities, OT upper-extremity control activities and home management, and SLP problem solving activities were associated significantly with higher FIM scores. On the other hand, more minutes spent per day on PT bed mobility and sitting, OT bed mobility, and SLP auditory comprehension and orientation were consistently associated with lower FIM scores (11). One study described Physical Therapy intervention for stroke patients in inpatient facilities within the U.S. (13). Six rehabilitation facilities in the U.S. included 972 subjects with stroke injury. Variables studied were time spent in therapy, and content and activities that were used in rehabilitation. The mean duration of stay in the inpatient facilities was 18.7 days, and received PT was on an average of 13.6 days. Patient spent 57.15 minutes on average for Physical therapy treatment every day. Activities of gait, transferring, and pre-functional activities, which include strengthening exercises, balance training, and motor learning, were the most performed interventions. Also, therapists included activities that incorporated different functions into one functional activity. This study implicated that a focus of physical therapist when providing treatment is optimizing functional activities, as they were the most frequent activities performed. However, activities to remediate im pairments and to compensate for lost functions were also included in the treatment sessions (13). Brocklehurst et al. investigated the use of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy for patients suffering from stroke, as they mentioned that those interventions formed the basis of stroke rehabilitation. The study included 135 stroke patients from five general and one geriatric hospital, in South Manchester. Of the 135 subjects, 107 received PT, 35 received OT, and 19 received speech therapy. Results were obtained after measuring the rate of change in function over a one year period. Patients, who had more severe disabilities, and the worst prognosis, were more likely to get physical therapy treatment. Factors that determine type and specificity of physical therapy to stroke rehabilitation were also examined. Some of the factors were extent of disability, and disability-associated morbidities, such as fecal incontinence, spasticity, sensory loss and dysphasia. Even though the most disabled received the most physical therapy treatment, they showed the least improv ement in function even after six months of therapy. This study also concluded that patients, whose progress was poorest, received more physical therapy (5). Hsiu-Chen Huang et al. investigated the impact of timing and dose of rehabilitation delivery on the functional recovery of patients suffering from stroke. In this study, a retrospective review of medical charts was done for 76 patients who were admitted to a regional hospital for a first-ever stroke. Patients had multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs, including PT, OT, and a continuous rehabilitation for at least three months. The main outcome measure for this study was the Barthel index, taken at initial assessment, one month, three months, six months and one year after stroke. Results of this study showed that there is a dose-dependent effect of rehabilitation on functional outcome improvements of stroke patients. Also, earlier delivery of rehabilitation is associated with lasting effects on functional recovery up to one year post-stroke (14). It is unclear whether physical therapists follow evidence based practice many countries of the world including Kuwait. There is no doubt the era of evidence based practice is upon us for many reasons including better treatment outcomes, patient satisfaction, reimbursement amongst others. In one survey study, conducted by Iles and Davidson, examination of physical therapists current practice in Australia was undertaken. This study found that there are several barriers in the way of evidence-based practice. Those barriers included time to stay up to date, access to journals, access to summaries of evidence that are easy to understand, and lack of personal skills in looking for and evaluating research evidence (15). Salbach et al. examined the determinants of research use in clinical decision making among physical therapists treating post-stroke patients. Two hundred and sixty three physical therapists from the state of Ontario, Canada, responded to a survey questionnaire, containing items for evaluating practitioner and organizational characteristics and perception of research believed to be influencing evidence-based practice. The survey also contained the frequency of using research evidence in clinical decision making in a typical month. Results showed that, only a small percentage of therapists (13.33%) reported using research in clinical decision making six times a month or more. However, most therapists (52.9%) reported using research 2-5 times a month, while 33.8% used research 0-1 time per month. In this study, research use was associated with the academic preparation in the principles of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP), research participation, service as a clinical instructor, being self -effective in implementing EBP, attitude towards research, perceived organizational support of research use, and access to bibliographic databases at work. This study concluded that a third of therapists rarely apply research evidence in clinical decision making. Suggested interventions to promote research use included education in the principles of EBP, EBP self-efficacy, having a positive attitude towards research, and involvement in research (8). A study by Ogiwara, made a comparison between the bases of treatment between Japanese physical therapists, and Swedish therapists. They investigated the reasons why the Japanese choose certain approaches of treatment when handling stroke patients, and then compared the results with those of Swedish therapists. Swedish therapists attributed their choice of treatment to hands-on experience and participation in practical courses, in which various techniques are taught. Bobaths approach was the only method that was commonly continued to be used after graduation in both countries. Results have illustrated that Swedish therapists were more interested in new methods of treatment (91%), whereas only 77% of Japanese therapists had an interest. Implication of their results might mean that Japanese therapists are interested in their treatment approach, and also show that introducing new approaches of treatments takes a longer time in comparison to Sweden. Additionally, Swedish therapists tend t o make a combination of treatment approaches, while Japanese physical therapists tend to follow only one particular approach. Several reasons were speculated for addressing the differences in treatment protocols, some of which were: 1) diversity of cultures, 2) diversity of health the care system, 3) availability of equipment and space needed to follow a certain new approach, 4) belief of efficacy of a certain approach and 5) the language barrier imposed on Japanese therapist, and availability of translated literature. This study showed that there are several barriers and differences encountered when the need of application of new approaches is desired (9). Wachters-Kaufmann et al. conducted a study regarding the conferring of information for stroke patients and caregivers. Their study investigated how information was provided to patients and caregivers and how they actually preferred to be informed. The actual and desired information correspond in terms of content, frequency, and method of presentations well as the actual and desired information. The study was done in the North of the Netherlands and the stroke unit of University hospital Groningen. The General practitioners (GP) distributed a guide from a community-based study of cognitive disorders and quality of life (CognitiVA) after a stroke. The guide was given three months after the stroke. For the final measurement of the study, which was 12 months later, the patients and caregivers participated in a telephone survey, which asked about three things: 1) professional stroke-care providers, 2) other sources of information, 3) the guide. Fifty one patients and 38 caregivers were co ntacted, of which 18 patients and 11 caregivers declined to be interviewed for various reasons. The results showed that the GPs, neurologist, and physical therapists were both the actual and desired information providers. As for the content, the actual content was the guide, whereas the desired was mostly medical information concerning the course of the disease, its cause, consequences, and treatment. Regarding the frequency, the actual and desired was within 24 hours of the stroke, and one day to two weeks later, and after two weeks. As for the method of presentation of information, the patients and caregivers mostly desired only verbal (73% patients, 89% caregivers) (16). Methods: This comparative design research project will compare the stroke rehabilitation program implemented in Kuwait with the established guidelines for stroke rehabilitation in the United States of America. The rehabilitation program stroke patients are receiving in Kuwaits Ministry of Health hospitals, specifically, Al-Jahra, Mubarak, Farwanya, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Al-Sabah hospitals will be investigated. Subjects of the study will be physical therapists practicing in the stroke rehabilitation field. We will provide physical therapists experienced in stroke rehabilitation with self-administered questionnaires, which will be collected after one week. We will also examine patient records over a three week period. To access the records, we will get permission from the head of the physical therapy department of each hospital as well as each hospitals director. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval will be obtained prior to any data collection. Approval from the Minist ry of Healths IRB will be obtained as well as approval from Kuwait University. Data will then be compared with the established American Stroke Guidelines. All data gathered during the study will be kept under lock and key. Any identifiable information obtained from patient files and records will only be accessible to the primary investigator. No identifiable information will be used for publication purposes. Confidentiality will be insured throughout the study duration. Subjects: The subjects of this study will be physical therapists working in Kuwaits Ministry of Health hospitals neurology department and with experience in out-patient stroke rehabilitation. Tools: To investigate the frequency and duration of treatment, we will look into the records, which are the patients files. There is also a section in the questionnaire that will ask about the frequency and duration of sessions. As for finding out the treatment approach patients are receiving, a self-administered questionnaire will be distributed at selected MOH hospitals, specifically at Al-Jahra, Mubarak, Farwanya, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Al-Sabah hospitals. Therapists will be given the questionnaire to fill out. In order to evaluate the type of education given to patients, educational guides, or pamphlets, about the patients condition available at the hospital and distributed to patients will be looked at. The questionnaire will also ask about different patient education techniques used by the participants. For comparison of data, we will compare the data we obtain with the American Stroke Association guidelines. Questionnaire: The questionnaire will consist of several questions used in the Ogiwara (9) questionnaire as well as others pertinent to our study population. The questionnaire will consist of four parts: demographic information questions concerning the therapists professional history and experience Questions concerning the rehabilitation program: treatment approach, and frequency and duration of sessions. questions concerning the types of education techniques Each questionnaire will have a cover letter explaining the purpose of the study, and a consent form. Data Analysis The data will be analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) (v. 17.0) to describe means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages. Once the data is analyzed, we will compare the data we collected with the general guidelines and treatment approaches in the literature. Expected Outcomes and Recommendations Our expectation for this study is that physical therapists in the state of Kuwait will not be following the American stroke rehabilitation guidelines. Due to cultural differences between the two countries, establishing new guidelines for the stroke rehabilitation in Kuwait might be necessary, addressing the nature of referral to physical therapy in Kuwait, and making recommendations for increasing treatment duration if needed. Also, it should be mentioned what type of special equipment might be used in the process of rehabilitation. References: Rudd A, Olfe C.W. (2002, Feb). Aetiology and pathology of stroke. Vol. 9, pg 32-36. Hafsteinsdottir T.B, Vergunst M, Lindeman E, Schuurmans M. (2010, 29 July). Educational needs of patients with a stroke and their caregivers: A systematic review of the literature. www.elsevier.com/locate/pateducou Hoffman T, McKenna K, Herd C, Wearing S. Written stroke materials for stroke patients and their careers: perspectives and practices of health professionals. Top Stroke Rehabil 2007;14(1):88-97 Duncan P, Zorowitz R, Bates B, Choi J, Glasberg J, Graham G, Katz R, Lamberty K, Reker D. Management of Adult Stroke Rehabilitation Care: A Clinical Practice Guideline. (Stroke. 2005; 36:e100-e143.) Brocklehurst J.C, Andrews K, Richards B, Laycock P. J. (1978, 20 MAY). How much physical therapy for patients with stroke? Vol. 1, 1307- 1310. British Medical journal. Kollen, B, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. (2006, 11 July). Functional Recovery after Stroke: A Review of Current Developments in Stroke Rehabilitation Research. Vol.1, No.1, 75-80. Reker D.M, Duncan P. W, Horner R.D, Hoenig H, Samsa G.P, Hamilton B, Dudley T.K.(2002, June) Post acute Stroke Guideline Compliance Is Associated With Greater Patient Satisfaction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol. 83, pg 750-756. Salbach N, Guilcher S, Jaglal S, Davis A. (2010) Determinants of research use in clinical decision making among physical therapists providing services post-stroke: a cross-sectional study. http://www.implementationscience.com/content/5/1/77 Ogiwara S. (1997) Physical therapy in stroke rehabilitation: A comparison of bases for treatment between Japan and Sweden.vol.9 Pg. 63-69, Journal of physical therapy sciences. McNaughton H, DeJong G, Smout J, Melvin L, Brandstater M. (2005, Dec) A Comparison of Stroke Rehabilitation Practice and Outcomes between New Zealand and United States Facilities. Vol. 86, suppl.2, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Horn D, DeJong G. Smout J, Gassaway J, James R, Conroy B. (2005, Dec) Stroke Rehabilitation Patients, Practice, and Outcomes: Is Earlier and More Aggressive Therapy Better? Vol. 86, pg. 101-114, suppl. 2, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Life after stroke: New Zealand guideline for management of stroke (November 2003). Jette D.U, Latham N.K, Smout R.J, Gassaway J, Slavin M.D, Horn S.D (2005, March) Physical Therapy Interventions for Patients with Stroke in Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities. Vol. 85, num. 3, pg. 238-248, physical therapy. Huang H, Chung K, Lai D, Sung S. The Impact of Timing and Dose of Rehabilitation Delivery on Functional Recovery of Stroke Patients (J Chin Med Assoc: May 2009 , Vol 72, No 5) Iles R, Davidson M. Evidence based practice: a survey of physiotherapists current practice. Physical therapy. Res. Int. 11(2) 93-103 (2006) Watchers-Kaufmann C, Schuling J, The H, Jong B. Actual and desired information provision after a stroke. Patient Education and Counseling 56 (2005) 211-217 Appendices Appendix 1 American Stroke Association Guidelines: E. Patient and Family/Caregiver Education Background The patient and family/caregivers should be given information and provided with an opportunity to learn about the causes and consequences of stroke, potential complications, and the goals, process, and prognosis of rehabilitation. Recommendations Recommend that patient and family/caregiver education be provided in an interactive and written format. Recommend that clinicians consider identifying a specific team member to be responsible for providing information to the patient and family/caregiver about the nature of the stroke, stroke management rehabilitation and outcome expectations, and their roles in the rehabilitation process. Recognize that the family conference is a useful means of information dissemination. Recommend that patient and family education be documented in the patients medical record to prevent the occurrence of duplicate or conflicting information from different disciplines. N. Educate Patient/Family, Reach Shared Decision about Rehabilitation Program, and Determine Treatment Plan Objective ensure the understanding of common goals among staff, family, and caregivers in the stroke rehabilitation process and, therefore, optimize the patients functional recovery and community reintegration. Recommendations Recommend that the clinical team and family/caregiver reach a shared decision about the rehabilitation program.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The clinical team should propose the preferred environment for rehabilitation and treatments on the basis of expectations for recovery.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Describe to the patient and family the treatment options, including the rehabilitation and recovery process, prognosis, estimated length of stay, frequency of therapy, and discharge criteria.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The patient, family, caregiver, and rehabilitation team should determine the optimal environment for rehabilitation and preferred treatment. Recommend that the rehabilitation program be guided by specific goals developed in consensus with the patient, family, and rehabilitation team. Recommend that the patients family/caregiver participate in the rehabilitation sessions and be trained to assist patient with functional activities, when needed. Recommend that patient and caregiver education be provided in an interactive and written format. Provide the patient and family with an information packet that may include printed material on subjects such as the resumption of driving, patient rights/responsibilities, support group information, and audiovisual programs on stroke. Recommend that the detailed treatment plan be documented in the patients record to provide integrated rehabilitation care. Intensity of Therapy The heterogeneity of the studies in all aspects-patients, designs, treatments, comparisons, outcome measures, and results-combined with the borderline results in many of the trials limits the specificity and strength of any conclusions that can be drawn from them. Overall, the trials support the general concept that rehabilitation can improve functional outcomes, particularly in patients with lesser degrees of impairment. Weak evidence exists for a dose-response relationship between the intensity of the rehabilitation intervention and the functional outcomes. However, the lack of definition of lower thresholds, below which the intervention is useless, and upper thresholds, above which the marginal improvement is minimal, for any treatment, makes it impossible to generate specific guidelines. Partridge et al did not find any differences in functional and psychological scores at 6 weeks in 104 patients randomized between a standard of 30 and 60 minutes of physical therapy. Kwakkel et al randomized 101 middle-cerebral-artery stroke patients with arm and leg impairment to additional arm training emphasis, leg training emphasis, or arm and leg immobilization, each treatment lasting 30 minutes, 5 days a week, for 20 weeks. At 20 weeks the leg training group scored better for ADLs, walking, and dexterity than the control group, whereas the arm training group scored better only for dexterity. The clinical trials provide weak evidence for a dose response relationship of intensity to functional outcomes.